CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SIMPLIFIED VIEWS OF SHIP TURNING PROCESSES
https://doi.org/10.33815/2313-4763.2025.2.31.143-155
Abstract
Exact models in the form of a system of differential equations can be processed by the on-board computer of the control system. However, on most ships there is no such specialized computer, and therefore there is a need to evaluate the behavior of the ship using simplified representations. Simplified representations began to be developed to explain unusual behavioral effects observed on board the ship, such as the apparent rotation around the pivot point, the rotation of a ship pushed by two tugboats with a time lag, when longitudinal speed appears, the "donkey" effect, etc. A prerequisite for constructing simplified representations is the steady motion of the ship. Thus, the apparent pivot point can be observed only in a steady circulation. During transient processes, it moves quickly, without being fixed at one point. Simplified representations should not only explain unusual behavioral effects, but also be consistent with the basic provisions of theoretical mechanics. Unfortunately, some publications and even manuals on ship control use concepts that do not correctly interpret the behavior of the ship. Such concepts should not only explain the non-obvious effects of the ship's behavior, but also be consistent with the full mathematical model of the ship's motion and with the basic provisions of theoretical mechanics and hydrodynamics. The object of research is the ship's turning processes. The paper critically analyzes simplified concepts of the ship's turning processes and provides explanations of non-obvious effects in the ship's behavior. Misconceptions about the pivot point, the center of lateral resistance, and the center of rotation are refuted. The results obtained are explained using a mathematical model (a system of differential equations of linear and angular motion of the ship) as a reference, as well as the scientific approach, and provisions of theoretical mechanics and hydrodynamics. A critical analysis of existing concepts was carried out to ensure the correct understanding of the ship's behavior by shipowners, which will allow them to avoid making erroneous management decisions and to increase the safety of navigation. The results obtained are reproducible and can be used both in the development of manuals for navigators and in software for automatic control modules.
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