RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF A TRIMETHYLCHLOROSILANE MODIFIER ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EPOXY COMPOSITE
https://doi.org/10.33815/2313-4763.2025.2.31.111-122
Keywords:
binder, trimethylchlorosilane, adhesion, heat resistance, residual stresses, composite material, matrix
Abstract
The study of the interaction at the interface between the ‘oligomer-modifier’ components, due to structural interaction in the process of forming an epoxy matrix, is currently important for improving the physical and mechanical characteristics of composite materials. In this area of research, the use of a modifier based on trimethylchlorosilane for the ED-20 (Ukraine) and EPOXY 520 (Czech Republic) binders makes it possible to scientifically and predictably influence the performance characteristics of materials. The trimethylchlorosilane modifier (TMHS-1) proposed at the Research and Forensic Centre of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in Ternopil Oblast was used to influence the structure-formation process. It was found that for the epoxy oligomer ED-20, the introduction of the TMHS-1 modifier in the amount of 0.25 g per 100 g of ED-20 improves the strength of adhesive joints by 30%. For the epoxy oligomer EPOXY 520, the introduction of the modifier in the amount of 0.25 g provides a 70% increase in Young's modulus and a 12% improvement in impact strength, with a slight increase in residual stress. It has been proven that a modifier content of 0.75 g leads to a 100% increase in the strength of adhesive joints and a 15% increase in Young's modulus. It has been established that the introduction of the modifier in the amount of 0.25 g per 100 g of oligomer for both binders and 0.75 g for the EPOXY 520 epoxy resin leads to an improvement in the physical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of epoxy binders due to the interaction of reactive groups of the modifier with the macromolecules of the binders.
References
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2. Korzhyk, V. M., Stukhliak, P. D., Berdnikova, O. M., Totosko, O. V., Stukhliak, D. P., Demyanov, О. І., & Lepilina, K. M. (2025). Protection Against Ultrahigh-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Using Multilayer Polymer-Composite Coatings. Nanosistemi, Nanomateriali, Nanotehnologii, 23(1), 149–165. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.15407/nnn.23.01.01494.
3. Eom, Y. S., Boogh, Louis, Michaud, Véronique, Månson, J.-A. E. (2002). Internal Stress Control in Epoxy Resins and their Composites by Material and Process Tailoring. Polymer Composites. 23. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10500.
4. Miturska Izabela, RudawskaAnna, Miroslav Müller, Hromasová Monika (2021). The Influence of Mixing Methods of Epoxy Composition Ingredients on Selected Mechanical Properties of Modified Epoxy Construction Materials. Materials 2021, 14(2), 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020411.
5. Kashytskyi, V. P., Sadova, O. L., Melnychuk, M. D., Golodyuk, G. I., Klymovets, O. B. (2023). Structuring of modified epoxy composite materials by infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 10(1), C9–C16, https://doi.org/10.21272/jes.2023.10(1).c2.
6. Stukhlyak, P. D., Holotenko, O. S., Zolotyi, R. Z., Mykytyshyn, A. G. (2021). Investigation of superhigh-frequency treatment influence on structuring of epoxy composites by infrared- and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses. Functional Materials, 28(2), 394–402. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.15407/FM28.02.394.
7. Kartashov, V., Stukhlyak, D., Holotenko, O., Dobrotvor, I., Mikitishin, A., Mytnyk, M., Marukha, V., & Skorokhod, O. (2018). Research into parameters of magnetic treatment to modify the dispersefilled epoxy composite materials. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 4(12 (94), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.140876.
8. Monte, S. J. (1998). Diluents and viscosity modifiers for epoxy resins. In: Pritchard, G. (eds) Plastics Additives. Polymer Science and Technology Series, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_24.
9. Jyotish, J., Mahapatra, B. K., Moharana, S., Mahaling, R. N. (2025). Chemistry and Types of Epoxy Resins. In: Pradhan, S., Moharana, S., Mohanty, S. (eds) Recent Advances on Waterborne Epoxy Coatings. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3260-2_2.
10. Sapronov, O., Buketov, A., Sapronova, L. & Vorobiov, P. (2022). Development of epoxy composites resistant to impact loads. Advanced polymer materials and technologies: recent trends and current priorities: multi-authored monograph. Lviv Polytechnic National University, 41–47.
11. Buketov, A., Smetankin Serhiy, Maruschak Pavlo, Yurenin Kyrylo, Sapronov Oleksandr, Matvyeyev Viktor, Menou Abdellah. (2021). New black-filled epoxy coatings for repairing surface of equipment of marine ships. Transport. 35. 679–690. 10.3846/transport.2020.14286.
12. Buketov, A., Stukhlyak, P., Maruschak, P., Panin, S. V., & Menou, A. (2016). Regularities of Impact Failure of Epoxy Composites with Al2O3 Microfiller and their Analysis on the Basis of External Surface Layer Concept. Key Engineering Materials, 712, 149–154. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.712.149.
13. Stukhlyak, P. D., Holotenko, O. S., Dobrotvor, I. H., & Mytnyk, M. M. (2015). Investigation of the Adhesive Strength and Residual Stresses in Epoxy Composites Modified by Microwave Electromagnetic Treatment. Materials Science, 51(2), 208–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11003-015-9830-z.
14. Bondarchuk D. A., Fedulov B. N., Fedorenko A. N. (2019). The effect of residual stress induced by manufacturing on strength on free edge of carbon-epoxy composite with [00/900]n layup. 25th International Conference on Fracture and Structural Integrity, Volume 18, 353–367.
15. Sheng-Wen Chen, Yu-Sheng Wang, Shao-Yu Hu, Wen-Hsi Lee, Chieh-Cheng Chi, Ying-Lang Wang (2012). A Study of Trimethylsilane (3MS) and Tetramethylsilane (4MS) Based α-SiCN:H/α-SiCO:H Diffusion Barrier Films. Materials (Basel), 2012 Mar. 2.5(3), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5030377.
16. Xuewen, Li, Jiwei, Liu, Hao, Wu, Kesong, Miao, He, Wu, Rengeng, Li, Chenglu, Liu, Wenbin, Fang, Guohua, Fan (2024). Research progress of residual stress measurement methods, Heliyon, Volume 10, Issue 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28348.
17. Borges, Catarina, Akhavan-Safar Alireza, Tsokanas Panayiotis, Carbas Ricardo, Marques Eduardo, Silva L.F.M. (2023). From fundamental concepts to recent developments in the adhesive bonding technology: a general view. Discover Mechanical Engineering. 10.1007/s44245-023-00014-7.
18. Demiral, M. (2025). Strength in Adhesion: A Multi-Mechanics Review Covering Tensile, Shear, Fracture, Fatigue, Creep, and Impact Behavior of Polymer Bonding in Composites. Polymers, 17(19), 2600. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17192600.
19. Syed Fahad Hassan, Saratchandra Kundurthi, Suhail Hyder Vattathurvalappil, Gary Cloud, Mahmoodul Haq (2021). A hybrid experimental and numerical technique for evaluating residual strains/stresses in bonded lap joints,Composites Part B: Engineering, Volume 225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109216.
20. Ruikun Wang, Chunyan Qu, Dezhi Wang and other (2023). A study of the residual stress behavior of rigid and flexible epoxy adhesives during thermal cycle aging for electronics packaging. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2023.2240550.
21. Mohammadali Rastak, Mahmood Shokrieh, Laurent Barrallier, Regis Kubler, Danial Salehi (2021). Estimation of residual stresses in polymer-matrix composites using digital image correlation. In book: Residual Stresses in Composite Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818817-0.00001-9.
22. Man-Lung Sham, Jang-Kyo Kim (2004). Evolution of residual stresses in modified epoxy resins for electronic packaging applications, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Volume 35, Issue 5, Pages 537–546, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.01.002.
23. Ranjan, K., Behera, S. K., Parida, R. R. (2023) Das Effect of using fibre reinforced epoxy adhesive on the strength of the adhesively bonded Single Lap Joints, Composites Part B: Engineering, Volume 248, 110358, ISSN 1359–8368, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110358.
24. Tan Wei, Na Jingxin, Zhou Zhaofeng (2021). Effect of Service Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Adhesive Joints after Hygrothermal Aging. Polymers. 13. 3741. 10.3390/polym13213741.
25. Khun, N. W., Dawei, Sun, Huang, M. X., Yang, Jinglei, Yue, Chee (2014). Wear resistant epoxy composites with diisocyanate-based self-healing functionality. Wear. 313. 19–28. 10.1016/j.wear.2014.02.011.
26. Kamil Anasiewicz, Józef Kuczmaszewski (2022). Apparent Young’s Modulus of Epoxy Adhesives. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Materials 15(22), 8060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228060.
27. Anasiewicz, K., Kuczmaszewski, J. (2016). Apparent Young’s modulus of epoxy adhesives in metal bonding. Przegląd Spaw, 88, 131–134.
28. Matykiewicz Danuta, Barczewski Mateusz, Mousa Marwan, M R Sanjay, Siengchin Suchart (2021). Impact Strength of Hybrid Epoxy–Basalt Composites Modified with Mineral and Natural Fillers. ChemEngineering. 5. 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5030056.
29. Yang, Kang, Wu (吴素君), SuJun Shao, Zhengzhong Ritchie, Robert (2017). Enhancing the Mechanical Toughness of Epoxy-Resin Composites Using Natural Silk Reinforcements OPEN. Scientific Reports. 7. 11939. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11919-1.
30. Sun Yangyang, Zhang Zhuqing, Moon Kyoung-sik, Wong, C. P. (2004). Glass transition and relaxation behavior of epoxy nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 42. 3849–3858. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.20251.
Published
2026-01-23
Section
MATERIALS SCIENCE
